Counselling Theories Essay Example for Free

Directing Theories Essay I proclaim that this appraisal is my own work, in light of my very own examination/study . I additionally announce that this evaluation, nor parts of it, has not been recently submitted for some other unit/module or course, and that I have not replicated to some degree or entire or in any case counterfeited crafted by another understudy as well as people. I have perused the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and comprehend its suggestions. I additionally proclaim, if this is a down to earth abilities appraisal, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been perused and marked by the two gatherings, and where relevant parental assent has been gotten. 1. Rundown three impacts of the useless condition Lucy experienced childhood in. By what method may these have influenced Lucy as a grown-up? In the primary model, the impact of Lucy’s father can be found in the kind of accomplices Lucy has decided for her beaus. Lucy grew up with a dad who had the disciplinary job in the family. A considerable lot of Lucy’s beaus have been vicious towards her, she might be pulled in to an accomplice who likes to be in charge. This might be on the grounds that, to her a man’s job is to give out control. Lucy might be unwittingly picking accomplices that model a similar kind of conduct as her dads. It is fascinating to know whether huge numbers of them were additionally cold and far off towards her. In the subsequent model, the impact of Lucy’s mother can be found in how Lucy has additionally gone to liquor to adapt to her own downturn. Lucy’s mother frequently thought that it was difficult to adapt to life, particularly when the youngsters were more youthful. She permitted the oldest kid Ted, to assume on the liability of taking care of the kids when she felt excessively discouraged or influenced by liquor to mind. Lucy’s conduct shows that she is thinking that its difficult to deal with her life, much like her mom did. She might be unknowingly displaying herself after her mom, concerning how she adapts to life and the issues that emerge. Lucy may consider liquor a medicine for her downturn and nervousness, as she saw her mom use liquor as a method for dealing with stress growing up. Lucy’s conduct most firmly looks like her moms, and I trust her mom has had the best impact and impact on Lucy as a grown-up. In the third model, the problematic family unit Lucy experienced childhood in has affected on Lucy’s grown-up life. Right off the bat, in the initial ten years of Lucy’s life, she was routinely presented to her parent’s contentions and battling. Lucy more likely than not grown up feeling dubious and restless about her life, without the sustaining backing of her folks. Besides, she more likely than not grown up disliking her more established sibling for going about as a substitute parent towards her. 2. In what manner may the kin birth request have influenced the oldest and the most youthful youngsters and how they react to Lucy, despite the fact that they had comparative demonstrating and support from their folks as kids? Lucy’s oldest sibling was the main conceived and regularly the principal conceived youngster assumes the job of overseer in a broken nuclear family. Ted has built up the ordinary qualities of the main youngster in that he has taken on a position of authority inside the family. Ted may feel more like Lucy’s father than her sibling and this clarifies why he feels it is alright to voice his sentiments about Lucy’s life. His job in the family has been to issue understand, with the goal that the family capacities as well as possible. Ted needs to help and care for Lucy, by offering his recommendation on the best way to tackle her issues, yet Lucy loathes this as she considers Ted to be her sibling not a parental figure. Amy’s position in the birth request is the last kid thus she has been shielded from the early unrest of the family. The last youngster is regularly shielded from the truth of the useless condition of the family. Amy has not needed to manage the sort of issues the more seasoned two have, and doesn't have a similar weight that the other two have. Lucy feels that Amy doesn't attempt to control her, thus she relates better to her. 3. Assume that Lucy’s wide objectives for advising are to quit mishandling liquor and quit rehashing the example of oppressive connections. Diagram a program of progress for Lucy, including: an) Identifying the particular objectives she may move in the direction of. b) How you may apply and record support to assist Lucy with contacting her objectives? c) How you may assist Lucy with checking any progressions made? The particular objectives that Lucy can progress in the direction of in advising would be ‘to deal with my liquor utilization in a mindful way’ and ‘to pick a progressively reasonable accomplice for a relationship’. In helping Lucy contact her objectives I would urge all her a journal of her practices and the emotions related with these practices. For instance Lucy could record how she is feeling the following day in the wake of drinking an excessive amount of liquor, and she could likewise record how she felt the following day in the wake of settling on the decision to keep away from drinking. She could then think about her sentiments and ideally she can discover uplifting comments to empower her non drinking conduct. Through keeping a journal it fills two needs, initially it assists Lucy with recognizing her own triumphs and frustrations, and it will help explain her own feelingsâ toward her drinking conduct. Also it is a record that Lucy and I, as Lucy’s guide, can use as a kind of perspective to mind her advancement in accomplishing the objectives she has set for herself. The more the victories exceed the failure the almost certain Lucy will keep on changing her conduct and improve her sentiments towards herself. 4. Clarify the idea of improvement and reaction in advising and portray how it may be valuable in helping Lucy contact her objectives. The idea of upgrade and reaction in advising alludes to the hypothesis that a specific boost triggers a specific reaction by they way we carry on. The encounters we have (the boost) impacts our conduct (reaction). In Lucy’s case she has built up a reliance on liquor as a reaction to her uneasiness and gloom. During our directing I would assist Lucy with recognizing that she might have the option to discover different methods of reacting to her uneasiness and gloom. Lucy has an educated reaction concerning her sentiments of tension and melancholy, which she gained from her mom. It would be valuable for her to perceive that she can become familiar with another reaction to these issues. I would solicit Lucy to think from different occasions, where she has had accomplishment in beating a snag, has she attempted different reactions to her triggers. What has not worked in the past would likewise be useful to know. 5. Clarify the standards of negative and encouraging feedback and portray how they may be valuable in helping Lucy contact her objectives. The standards of negative and encouraging feedback are that the results of our conduct is fortified because of the sort of reinforcer being utilized. Positive reinforcers are the point at which we get a lovely outcome to a kind of conduct that urges us to proceed with that sort of conduct. Negative reinforcers are equivalent to positive reinforcers as in we despite everything get the consolation to proceed with a sort of conduct yet this time it is on the grounds that we are keeping away from a terrible result to the kind of conduct. A model for Lucy is her utilization of liquor, negative support could be utilized to assist her with changing her conduct. With the end goal for Lucy to quit mishandling liquor she needs to connect her drinking with the terrible results of her conduct. The utilization of liquor is putting her in danger of losing her employment, home and companionship. Negative reinforcementâ could assist Lucy with perceiving that by deciding to remain calm she will maintain a strategic distance from the undesirable results of putting her activity, home and kinship in danger. Encouraging feedback could be utilized to assist Lucy with perceiving that by deciding to remain calm, her work life will be progressively wonderful if her managers notice she is appearing on schedule. Her home life will be increasingly secure in the event that she pays her lease. Her fellowship will get more grounded on the off chance that she apparently is progressing in the direction of progress. 6. Clarify what is implied by negative discipline and negative fortification and recommend how these standards may have affected on Lucy previously. Negative discipline is the point at which a specific merriment has been removed as discipline for the sort of conduct being shown. Negative fortification is the point at which we stop or keep away from a specific conduct because of accepting a negative result to our conduct. In Lucy’s case she has gotten a proper admonition at her work environment, this implies she could be at risk for losing her employment on the off chance that she proceeds with this kind of conduct. She is likewise at risk for losing her home due to being behind in her lease, and losing her kinship with Jacquie who is her lone genuine companion. These are altogether instances of the negative disciplines Lucy has brought about because of her conduct. During advising it might be gainful for Lucy to make the association between her conduct and the negative discipline she will get thus. Utilizing negative fortifications would assist Lucy with avoiding the conduct, she can decide to abstain from utilizing liquor as a method of maintaining a strategic distance from the terrible results this decision carries with it. 7. Clarify how impacts from natural demonstrating in Lucy’s life as a grown-up could help or frustrate her in contacting her objectives. Helping Lucy to recognize who her good examples have been, and who they are presently, will assist Lucy with having a superior comprehension of why she reacts to specific circumstances in the manner that she does. In the past I trust Lucy’s mother has been the most compelling individual in Lucy’s life. Lucy has grown up watching her mother’s conduct, this sort of displaying has shown Lucy how to react to unpleasant circumstances. Relating to new good examples in her grown-up life, can assist Lucy with finding different methods of reacting to the

Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making Essay

  The international strategy of United States has been adjusted since the period of George Washington. Despite the fact that Americans pay thought to guidance of their regarded originator, this isn't sufficient on the grounds that the world is extraordinary. Numerous individuals who have molded the American international strategy as of now, concede the way that enrollment to the world network makes United States not to disregard the centrality of getting along. One of manner by which open impact has or can impact international strategy is through political administration, this implies those government officials lead the American open to grasp certain issues. Research have indicated that most Americans are not well shaped and dubious on outside issues since it is felt that pioneers commonly dismissed mass tendencies when settling on their international strategy decisions. Another path is through political responsiveness whereby typical government officials put aside their own sta ndards and loyally follows the popular sentiment (Knecht and Thomas, 2010). Ongoing exploration indicated that American open the two holds international strategy conclusions and thinks about remote issues that are typical and consistent.  For any general public that chooses to end the time of segregation, it must face the same moral issue. For example, if everyone is given the privilege not to be victimized race, there is high likelihood of helping those casualties who experienced past segregation and the racial tendency is lost. Besides if those individuals from the prior excluded bunches are favored on premise of race then there is forswearing of option to forestall racial segregation among others. As I would see it producing a program is the best thought since it will help a lot of those casualties who had endured such dishonest treatment of racial segregation in past as opposed to applying racial inclination. This program will satisfy the racial non-separation rule on the grounds that the reason for help would be singular harmed and not racial character. Nonetheless, it will just help a bit of the individuals who are presently profiting by race-based corroborative act (Higginbotham, 2013).   Due to visit presentations of racial separation, it is apparent that in certain territories of the world and by administrative methodologies fixated on disdain or racial prevalence, for instance the politically-sanctioned racial segregation, racial isolation is a perfect issue in any human culture. Be that as it may, the issue of governmental policy regarding minorities in society was recommended during recreation period which prompted U.S common war. At the point when the fight finished, those gatherings of individuals who were in the southern district claimed nothing and had deficient aptitudes which could assist them with earning a living. The gatherings offered for equivalent rights and needed open door in the open grounds of business and instruction to be equivalent. In different manners, they succeeded and as governmental policy regarding minorities in society grew, in any case, it depicted ascent of analysis from whites and men who saw it as a â€Å"opposite segregatio n†. The discussion over governmental policy regarding minorities in society has turned around an assortment of exceptionally charged words, which once in a while muddles, rather than illuminating the conversation. Accordingly it is huge to take note of that governmental policy regarding minorities in society play as a control where separation has been found to exist or endorsed. Objectives fill in as one proportion of non-separation and of the productivity of certification accomplishment endeavors, not as an order for female business or minority (Raza et. Al, 1999).   The ramifications of worldwide monetary strategy on remote policymaking has gotten increasingly troublesome in the time of globalization since the quantity of players that require to be locked in along has expanded. Alluding from the conventional international strategy, just not many number of governments could manage each other on decently number of issues in agreement to the built up terms and conditions. At present, notwithstanding, that can't have any significant bearing for national interests to be thought of. There is currently, in collection to rising number of nations, an endless of new players which need to be considered as awn residential addressees just as the household addressees of the nations needs amazing monetary units (Burns, 2010). References Consumes, R N, Jonathon Price, Jr J. S. Nye, and Brent Scowcroft. The Global Economic Crisis: And Potential Implications for Foreign Policy and National Security. Aspen Institute, The, 2010. Print. Higginbotham, F M. Apparitions of Jim Crow: Ending Racism in Post-Racial America. , 2013. Print. Raza, M An, A J. Anderson, and Harry G. Custred. The Ups and Downs of Affirmative Action Preferences. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1999. Print. Knecht, Thomas. Focusing on Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making. College Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010. Print. Source archive

An Overview of Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine)

An Overview of Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Methamphetamine, or crystal meth, is a stimulant drug similar in many ways to amphetamines, the second most popular class of illicit drugs after marijuana in the world. Meth was synthesized back in the 1880s and was widely used in the second world war by soldiers on both sides, who were provided with the drug by their governments as an aid to alertness. This led to the first wave of meth use when the public gained access to this government-issued drug. Methamphetamine and amphetamine were commonly prescribed during the 1950s and 1960s for a range of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, depression, and obesity.  People began using methamphetamine and amphetamine recreationally in the 1960s, along with many other drugs, although meth waned in popularity until the 1980s. It recently gained popularity after the synthesis of a smokeable form of crystallized methamphetamine (d-methamphetamine hydrochloride) or crystal meth. Top 5  Things to Know About Crystal Meth Crystal meth goes by many different names and appears in different forms. You might hear it called ice, crystal, tina, speed (traditionally a name for amphetamine), crank, jib, shards, or gak. It can look like slightly transparent crystals; brownish granules;  pink, beige, or white powder; or be pressed into tablets or capsules.Meth can be taken in many different ways. Most commonly, it is snorted, smoked in a pipe, or injected, but it can be taken orally, as a pill or capsule, or mixed into a drink.Meth has been used as a party n play or PnP drug, particularly among a sub-group of gay men  who sometimes use the drug rectally, which is sometimes known as booty bumping.People take meth for many different reasons. In addition to the rave or party connection, people use meth as a stimulant to stay awake or to lose weight. Street youth report taking meth to cope with life on the streets and to stay vigilant, any may consider it a more positive choice than heroin or crack.Meth has severe physical and mental consequences, especially if taken for extended periods of time.  Despite myths in the media, treatment for meth use can be effective. Health Risks and Things to Consider About Crystal Meth Like other addictive substances and behaviors, meth can be used recreationally by some people who do not become addicted. However, the complex effects that the meth high has on peoples mental state and behavior mean that using meth always carries a risk. The longer you use meth, the worse it is likely to affect you, and the harder it is to quit and make a full recovery. If you have been using meth to lose weight, it is worth noting that long-term meth use tends to take its toll on users appearance, often aging people prematurely  and leading to irreversible dental problems, sometimes known as meth mouth. Talk to your doctor about safer ways of losing weight that will make you look better, not worse, andâ€"most importantlyâ€"not put your health at risk. In addition, meth is not an effective way to study. Although some  students may use meth to stay up late studying, it can cause long-term mental health problemsâ€"a threat, most importantly, to cognitive health, but also to ones desire to get better grades.  Brain scans have confirmed the long-term damage done by meth. If you believe you have attention problems, and meth helps you to focus, your doctor can prescribe safer, more effective medications to help with this or help you identify other, non-drug strategies that may help. Some people find that meth improves their mood, but this is a temporary effect. When you come down, you are likely to feel worse than ever. Your doctor can give you much safer, more effective medications for depression and other mental health problems. You might also find that the psychological treatments for meth addiction are just as helpful for problems with depression and anxiety. Finally, if you have been using meth as part of a social sceneâ€"whether it is a club, party n play, or another social group, think about whether you would prefer to spend your time on other activities or with other people. Some people use drugs for a long time, simply because those around them do, but there are always alternatives.   Meth may seem exciting at first. But as the excitement wears off, like other addictions, meth use can be hard to quit and bring about health risks that are too serious to ignore. How Long Does Methamphetamine Stay in Your System? Next Steps Meth is a dangerous drug to take. So, while quitting is advised,  it can be accompanied by a variety of physical and psychiatric symptoms. If possible, it is best to come off the drug with medical supervision. Once you are through meth withdrawal, treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy can be helpful for overcoming meth addiction. If you have other mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, or psychosisâ€"all of which can be substance-inducedâ€"it is important to get treatment for these conditions as well. And if you have social difficulties, such as trouble finding and keeping decent housing, there are programs designed especially to help with these kinds of problems for those who are in recovery from drug problems. If you dont have contact with social services, try calling your local crisis line for help with accessing these services. A Word From Verywell   Life on crystal meth is full of ups and downs. Part of recovery is getting some balance in your life, which may at first seem boring, but could open up a whole new world of possibilities for you.

An Overview of Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine)

An Overview of Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Methamphetamine, or crystal meth, is a stimulant drug similar in many ways to amphetamines, the second most popular class of illicit drugs after marijuana in the world. Meth was synthesized back in the 1880s and was widely used in the second world war by soldiers on both sides, who were provided with the drug by their governments as an aid to alertness. This led to the first wave of meth use when the public gained access to this government-issued drug. Methamphetamine and amphetamine were commonly prescribed during the 1950s and 1960s for a range of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, depression, and obesity.  People began using methamphetamine and amphetamine recreationally in the 1960s, along with many other drugs, although meth waned in popularity until the 1980s. It recently gained popularity after the synthesis of a smokeable form of crystallized methamphetamine (d-methamphetamine hydrochloride) or crystal meth. Top 5  Things to Know About Crystal Meth Crystal meth goes by many different names and appears in different forms. You might hear it called ice, crystal, tina, speed (traditionally a name for amphetamine), crank, jib, shards, or gak. It can look like slightly transparent crystals; brownish granules;  pink, beige, or white powder; or be pressed into tablets or capsules.Meth can be taken in many different ways. Most commonly, it is snorted, smoked in a pipe, or injected, but it can be taken orally, as a pill or capsule, or mixed into a drink.Meth has been used as a party n play or PnP drug, particularly among a sub-group of gay men  who sometimes use the drug rectally, which is sometimes known as booty bumping.People take meth for many different reasons. In addition to the rave or party connection, people use meth as a stimulant to stay awake or to lose weight. Street youth report taking meth to cope with life on the streets and to stay vigilant, any may consider it a more positive choice than heroin or crack.Meth has severe physical and mental consequences, especially if taken for extended periods of time.  Despite myths in the media, treatment for meth use can be effective. Health Risks and Things to Consider About Crystal Meth Like other addictive substances and behaviors, meth can be used recreationally by some people who do not become addicted. However, the complex effects that the meth high has on peoples mental state and behavior mean that using meth always carries a risk. The longer you use meth, the worse it is likely to affect you, and the harder it is to quit and make a full recovery. If you have been using meth to lose weight, it is worth noting that long-term meth use tends to take its toll on users appearance, often aging people prematurely  and leading to irreversible dental problems, sometimes known as meth mouth. Talk to your doctor about safer ways of losing weight that will make you look better, not worse, andâ€"most importantlyâ€"not put your health at risk. In addition, meth is not an effective way to study. Although some  students may use meth to stay up late studying, it can cause long-term mental health problemsâ€"a threat, most importantly, to cognitive health, but also to ones desire to get better grades.  Brain scans have confirmed the long-term damage done by meth. If you believe you have attention problems, and meth helps you to focus, your doctor can prescribe safer, more effective medications to help with this or help you identify other, non-drug strategies that may help. Some people find that meth improves their mood, but this is a temporary effect. When you come down, you are likely to feel worse than ever. Your doctor can give you much safer, more effective medications for depression and other mental health problems. You might also find that the psychological treatments for meth addiction are just as helpful for problems with depression and anxiety. Finally, if you have been using meth as part of a social sceneâ€"whether it is a club, party n play, or another social group, think about whether you would prefer to spend your time on other activities or with other people. Some people use drugs for a long time, simply because those around them do, but there are always alternatives.   Meth may seem exciting at first. But as the excitement wears off, like other addictions, meth use can be hard to quit and bring about health risks that are too serious to ignore. How Long Does Methamphetamine Stay in Your System? Next Steps Meth is a dangerous drug to take. So, while quitting is advised,  it can be accompanied by a variety of physical and psychiatric symptoms. If possible, it is best to come off the drug with medical supervision. Once you are through meth withdrawal, treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy can be helpful for overcoming meth addiction. If you have other mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, or psychosisâ€"all of which can be substance-inducedâ€"it is important to get treatment for these conditions as well. And if you have social difficulties, such as trouble finding and keeping decent housing, there are programs designed especially to help with these kinds of problems for those who are in recovery from drug problems. If you dont have contact with social services, try calling your local crisis line for help with accessing these services. A Word From Verywell   Life on crystal meth is full of ups and downs. Part of recovery is getting some balance in your life, which may at first seem boring, but could open up a whole new world of possibilities for you.

Long Term Management Plan After 45min Consultation

We would like to consider this patient as a whole instead of 2 different illnesses. This patient is chronically depressed and recently being diagnosed with stage 3a Non Small Cell Lung Cancer. It is very difficult to formulate long term management plan after 45min consultation because information available about patient expectations and concerns are limited. In order to arrange patient centered management , patient participation is very important, because patient had stopped antidepressant and counselling prematurely, it could have been due to lack of patient involvement during the treatment choices and poor therapeutic relationship with the physician. Firs all, It is very important to establish a good rapport with the patient , because this patients doesn’t have pleasant experience with the conventional medical treatment, considering severity of his condition and available treatment modalities, conventional treatments are the first line options to be considered. Alternativ e treatments can be considered as an adjuvant therapies to conventional plan to minimize adverse effects or improve the quality of life. So, this long term plan is just a hypothetical sketch, which addresses key challenges, most appropriate therapeutic choices for best outcome of the patient health.The most difficult challenge in this patient is lack of time; How long you can wait to improve patients depression and energy level? ; Because waiting might have injurious to his health, and jeopardizeShow MoreRelatedA Project Study on ‚Äà ²Recruitment and Selection in Ims Learning Resources Pvt. Ltd‚Äà ´11571 Words   |  47 Pagesmost important thing is that enterprise grows, diversifies, and takes over other units-all necessitating hiring of new men and women. In fact recruitment functions stop only when the organization ceases to exist. To understand recruitment in simple terms it is understood as process of searching for obtaining applications of job from among from whom the right people can be selected. To define recruitment we can define it formally as it is a process of finding and attracting capable applicants for employment

Cultural Influence of Hip Hop Rap Essays - 1955 Words

Influence of Hip Hop Rap Hip hop and rap as a musical genre is a very controversial subject for nearly everyone. Its influences are powerful, both positive and negative. There are many positive influences of hip hop, and a few examples are the breaking down of cultural barriers, the economic impact, and political awareness of pressing and urgent issues. Though there are many positive influences, there are many negative influences as well. Some of the more heated debates of the negative influences of hip hop are that it glorifies violence, and the fact that the music sexualizes women and degrades them as well. Attached to the negative outlook on hip hop, there are also many stereotypes assumed by society towards this type of culture†¦show more content†¦Researchers say that these specific negative influences are exactly what is destroying the younger generation. Even with the seemingly endless list of negative influences, there are countless positive influences deeply rooted in the soul and culture of hip hop. Hip hop is facing the same criticisms that every new type of music has faced in the development of that genre of music. Blues, Jazz, and Rock (in their beginnings) all scared parents and were criticized by the media, but they are now widely accepted and considered â€Å"clean† music. New music of any generation is always scary to the non-youth in society because the media only focuses on bad points and downfalls, but always fail to mention the good being done. Breaking down cultural barriers is the most positive influence rap has had on society. It creates/sustains community, is the voice of the people, defines generations, fuels needed protest, and calls attention to injustices. This new style of music allows anybody to control their destiny from the ground up, and has become a new medium for social commentary. Hip hop allows the underprivileged and discriminated to express their feelings, andShow MoreRelatedHip Hop Culture And Culture1196 Words   |  5 PagesHip-Hop Culture and race have had a complicated relationship in the past two decades. It has been commonly referred to as â€Å"black music† and a reflection of black culture. However, recent studies done by the Mediamark Research Inc. showed that 60% of rap music buyers are white. With the emergence of white, Latino, Asian, and other rappers with diverse backgrounds on the Hip Hop scene it is important recognize the changing color of the genre and the stereotype it holds as â€Å"black music†. Black cultureRead More90s Hip Hop and Rap1320 Words   |  6 PagesRap and hip-hop first started to come together in the 1970 s, but didn t really materialize and become popular until the 1990 s. With a huge surge in popularity and growth in the 1990 s, it seemed that rap and hip-hop had started a cultural phenomenon that still has noticeab le effects easily seen today in music and also in pop culture. A cultural phenomenon is an idea, trend, or movement that shapes and defines that time period. During the 1990 s, rap and hip-hop spread like wild fire acrossRead MoreRap Music : Influence On Violent Behavior1379 Words   |  6 PagesRAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Kaland Farrow Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University  RAP MUSIC’S INFLUENCE ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR IN AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES: A REVIEW Rap music is derived from Hip Hop culture which is deeply rooted in the African American community. The word, rap, has a Middle English origin. Originally, rap means to beat or strike. Beginning in the 1960s, African Americans gave the word another definition. In the black communityRead MoreHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came1300 Words   |  6 PagesHip-hop was a cultural movement. It emerged in the early 1970s from the South Bronx. Hip-hop came from the â€Å"ghetto† and it became a cultural force of social protest and creativity. But from the 1990s and onward hip-hop changed from a cultural creative production to one of mass consumption. Hip-hop began to grow and through mass marketing targeting larger and whiter audiences hip-hop evolved in to relying on the images of crime and sex. Hip-hop has changed from a tool of social change to cars, womenRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesinformation that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has both a negative and positive impact on African American lives. Over the past three decades, Hip-hop has arisen as a cultural and artistic aspect, influencing youth culture around the world. Hip-hop echo’s the social, economic, political, andRead More Hip-Hop as a Cultural Movement Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pages Hip-Hop is a cultural movement that emerged from the dilapidated South Bronx, New York in the early 1970’s. The area’s mostly African American and Puerto Rican residents originated this uniquely American musical genre and culture that over the past four decades has developed into a global sensation impacting the formation of youth culture around the world. The South Bronx was a whirlpool of political, social, and economic upheaval in the years leading up to the inception of Hip-Hop. The early partRead MoreSomething for Nothing: The Art of Rap1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe influence of Hip-Hop has never been as great as it is in this day and age. Often dismissed by a majority of America as simply a fad, hip hop has become a global phenomenon and has arguably been the most popular form of music for the past three decades. Hip-Hop has influenced art, language, fashion, culture, and sports. This music has been used to teach elementary level children, it has been taught in undergraduate universities and serves as a bridge for hundreds of philanthropies. The influenceRead MoreThe Hip Hop Generation And Its Impact On Society1371 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay 6 December 2015 The Hip Hop Generation and its Impact on Society. Throughout history, Hip Hop has manifest into more than a simple form of life, but as a powerful cultural movement. Hip Hop plays a major part in African American culture, dialogue, fashion, and self expression. Today, Hip Hop has a joined people of many nationalities, races, and ethnicities as a society. The Hip Hop Generation has begun to redefine African American cultural norms and practices in America by theRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Hop901 Words   |  4 PagesThe genre that I am going to select is Hip Hop/Rap. The 5 top ten from the 80s are The Message by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, Self-Destruction by KRS-One and the Stop the Violence Movement, Push It by Salt-N-Pepa, I’m Bad by LL Cool J, Fight The Power by Public Enemy, Straight Out Of Compton by NWA. The 5 top ten from 2015 are Know Yourself by Drake, Trap Queen by Fetty Wap, Alright by Kendrick Lamar, Blessings by Big Sean Featuring Drake, and Feeling Myself by Nicki Minaj featuringRead MoreEvoluti on of Hip-Hop1215 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Hip-Hop From where it started to where it is now, Cuban hip-hop has transformed greatly. Without the United States, hip-hop in Cuba certainly would not be where it is today. The United States is the hub of hip-hop and helped to jumpstart hip-hop in Cuba. While this is true, hip-hop in the United States completely differs from that of Cuba for the better. Even though hip-hop in Cuba did not start from much, the amount of development and influence this music has towards Cuba is immeasurable

Literature Review- Parenting Styles and Child Development

Abstract A parenting style is a method or type of parenting which directly and indirectly influences the development of the child. Developmental psychologists study the physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, emotional and personality growth and development that occurs throughout a lifetime. The purpose of this research was to identify how specific parenting styles positively and negatively correlate with behaviors in children, how they affect children, and what methods of parenting could be used to benefit the development of children. Parenting Styles and Child Development Developmental psychologists have long been interested in how parents impact their child’s development. However, finding the actual†¦show more content†¦When the parents were examined, 82 of the mothers and 7 of the father were Illiterate, 240 of the mothers and 233 of the fathers were primary school graduates, 73of the mothers and 98 of the fathers were middle school graduates, 72 of the mothers and 107 of the fathers were high school graduates, and 24 of the mothers and 48 of the fathers were university graduates. Researchers had parents of each sample group answer a set of questionnaires, the Delinquency Scale (DS), The Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), and the Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS). The Delinquency Scale (DS), is used to determine behaviors which would be regarded as crime if they reflected and bring adolescent face to face with laws. The Parenting Style Inventory (PSI) is a 26 item scale that has three factors: acceptance/ invol vement, strictness/supervision, and psychological autonomy. The Multidimensional Students Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS) is a 40 item self report instrument that assesses satisfaction across five specific life domains: family, school, friends, self and living environment. The researchers concluded that when all test results were considered, satisfaction variables perceived from strictness/supervision, school, family and self have a positive correlation and meaningful contributions in explaining the highness of delinquency. While the researchers stateShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles and Culture1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdiverse cultures that can shape parenting behavior, some basic assumptions regarding the links between parenting styles and developmental outcomes may not be universal. Much research has been conducted on the different parenting styles across cultures. There are also many myths about which parenting style is the best or the most beneficial to the social development of children. Reviewing past literature on this subject matter reveals that the authoritarian parenting style produced more overt aggressionRead MoreImportance And Usefulness Of Evaluating Self Esteem924 Words   |  4 PagesKeizou; and Watanabe, Kumi focus on the child’s self-esteem. Children begin to develop their self-esteem in the environment they are raised. As the child built their self-esteem the child gains an understanding and the abilities to learn how to deal with conflict, decision making, the way they communicate, and how well they adapt in society. A child who cultivates a positive self-esteem is sheltered from a mental illness, depression, and are able to better deal with problems and stressful situationsRead MoreThe And Parental Authority Questionnaire1535 Words   |  7 Pages(Buri, 1991). The goal was to determine if an association existed between the developments of resiliency and parenting styles utilizing Baumrind’s parenting style typologies, a uthoritarian, permissive, and authoritative styles of parenting (Ritter, 2005). Results from the study established that authoritative parenting style was associated with high levels of resiliency, while authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were most often associated with low resiliency (Ritter, 2005). Members of theRead MoreThe Sexual Orientation Of Parents Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 1: Stacey, J., Biblarz, T. J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Review, 66(2), 159-183. The goal of this study was to dispute the negative â€Å"heterosexism† perceptions attached to the development of children with parents who identify as gay and lesbian. The authors focused on the analysis of previous research findings, comparing the outcomes of the children from heterosexual single-mothers and homosexual parents, particularly lesbianRead MoreThe Impact Of The On A Child s Development1737 Words   |  7 PagesParents: maybe the one of the biggest impacts on a child’s development. The influence parents have on their children is tremendous. They can quite easily help or hinder their child’s development by their parenting style and the opportunities they afford for their children. The nuclear family has a mom and a dad, which is the societal norm. With the passing of gay marriage this year, the questions and prejudice of same-sex parents have been brought to light and revived. Concerns about whether or notRead MoreParents : The Single Biggest Impac t On A Child s Development1736 Words   |  7 PagesParents: maybe the single biggest impact on a child’s development. The influence parents have on their children is tremendous. 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Whether conceptualizing socialization and priming with Locke’s â€Å"tabula rosa/blank slate† or Rousseau’s â€Å"preassembled moral schema† approach to child developmentRead MoreThe Aspects Of Teens And The Aging Out Process Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This literature review will cover the aspects of teens and the aging out process. When children in the system are provided with care. Over time they are usually adopted, or live in a foster home. Leaving the adolescence stage, and now transitioning to a teen it becomes somewhat more difficult to place the child. There are instances where the teen is not placed in a family. In a continuing cycle while in the child services system. Once the teen turns 18, they are considered an adultRead MoreSocial Class and Occupations on Parenting Styles1529 Words   |  7 PagesDahir Nasser Soc 202 Topic # 7 Abstract In this paper I will discuss the affects of an individual’s social class, and occupations on their parenting styles. Most of the literature points to the upper classes careers providing them with opportunities for freedom and room to express themselves. The research also shows that the lower classes occupations require much more conformity and ability to simply follow directions. Many of the studies have also been correlated to the ways parents raise theirRead MoreWhat Are Some Effects Of Divorce Or Separation On Children?1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Literature Research Question: What are some effects of divorce or separation on children? Introduction Divorce is defined as the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body. Divorce and parental separation can be very damaging to children and can have adverse effects. (Anderson, 2014, pg 379) Although each family is different, divorce has been shown to cause problems in a child’s relationships with their parents, cause issues in their education, and a child

System analysis and Design for Headspace Project- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSystem analysis and Design for Headspace Project. Answer: Non-Functional requirements for Headspace Project Following are the non-functional requirements for the headspace project. Usability of the system: The developed system will provide ease of use for its different users such as physicians, patients and administrators at the health care facilities. Example of such usability incudes, the ease of navigation to the different web pages of the online patient record system in four clicks or less than that. Reliability of the system: This is about the degree and level of the system uptime that is required for the better performance and execution of the different operations dependent on the developed information system for the patients (Weaver et al., 2016). It is desired that, the developed online patient record system will have periodical redundant backups that will allow near about 99.5 percent uptime of the information system. Performance: This requirement is about how well the developed online patient health record system works for the different end users requirement in measurable parameters and degrees (Kho et al., 2015). This degrees includes response time of the system against some user service request, capacity and different other parameters. Scalability of the system: The systems ability to respond and increase the number of end users requests or interactions with the other applications used with the developed system is known as the scalability of the system. For this proposed system it is desired that the system can be scaled to 50% of the present capacity (the number of users). Security: As the system will be responsible for storing the patients sensitive personal and physical health data thus it is desired to provide data integrity, confidentiality availability of the data round the clock while maintaining the compliance with the different legal clause and regulations (Woods et al., 2013). It is expected that, the system will store the activity log all users access (doctors, users) at least for 6 months so that if anything goes wrong the accountability of the accident can be confirmed. The developed online health record system must provide intense level of information validation as well as error correction in real time (Weaver et al., 2016). The system must confirm that patient data is accessed by other users only after the patient has allowed access to the user. The developed system must affirm and support (such as images, doc files, text files or different other types medical documents and files) all the patient information entered in the system. End users (patients, therapeutic specialist and employees at the health care facilities) must be instructed and informed about any error regarding the different operations over the period of using the developed online patient health record system (Kho et al., 2015). Only the administrators or higher level system users are allowed to delete records in the database, and the structure should have the capacity to include new functionalities according the requirement of the users in future. Critical system qualities, interfaces, interface requirements, and system constraints Critical system qualities: For the On line health record system following are the critical system qualities, The system can be integrated with different other existing applications that are used by the different health care facilities in the country (Weaver et al., 2016). System must be scalable as per the growing need of the physicians, patients and health care facility. . The generation of the reports is the most vital for the developed online health record system. The quality of the system will be as good as the quality of the repots it produces (Woods et al., 2013). The ability to create data that aides in the basic decision making process by the specialists/administrators or organizations is a key property for this sort of online system. User interface requirement: For an information system the user interface of the system is the medium through which the users interact with the system, thus it is important that the user interface is intuitive in nature as well as easy to use. The system should have different user access level for various level users of the system (Kho et al., 2015). Proper authorization messages should be displayed for the users when any user tries to get to the different sections of the system without having proper authority to do so. The end users of the system will be able to create, delete and modify the patient informations simply after effective login to the system which will guarantee the best possible ease of use and dependability of the system. Patients must have the capacity to control who can access and modify their medical history using the developed and implemented system (Woods et al., 2013). This will guarantee the security of the patient's medicinal and individual information. The online patient record system will give simple sign in process to access the system for the different end users such as patients or specialist at the health care facilities). System constraint: Following are the constraints that may be faced in the development of the online health record system are Non availability of the co-operation from the different administrators and health care facilities. This needs to be managed tactfully. The cost of development of the information system needs to be minimized and the cost to ownership must be gained in between two years. The key performance metrics for realization of the benefits from the system would not be agreed upon by all the stakeholders as all of them have different interests from the system (Weaver et al., 2016). As the system will be a web based one, thus the health care facilities must have internet connection in order to access, create, modify and delete records from the system. Review of the Cloud based solution for the Project The cloud based solution has been seen as a suitable alternative to the traditional online health record systems as it provides a cost effective way to deploy and maintain the system and its administrations. Such as management of data, storage of the collected data, and resources required for computing and processing of this data (Kho et al., 2015). In addition to that it also provides the features like reliability, portability, elasticity and scalability conveyed by cloud service providers. With all this advantages Security and protection of the stored data have raised challenges for the selection of cloud-based online health record systems. Utilization of the cloud services in order to manage the patients health information makes it more productive to deal with the developing measure of patients' information and data created through the electronic and individual health records frameworks by utilizing the cloud based health Record System. Different complexities in the administration of the patients information can be seen from the point of view of required storage store collected data and the number of the servers expected to process these tremendous amount of information of the patients (Woods et al., 2013). The utilization of the cloud based online Health solution record will encourage the employees of the health care facility, physicians and patients to utilize handheld smartphones to get to the health care services from anywhere at any time. In spite of the potential advantages of online health record systems, actualization of the cloud based patient record system can face multiple obstacles and limitations. Most of which the area; initial cost for the deployment, specialized restrictions, institutionalization limits, and authoritative limitations. Pros and Cons to approach the project as Predictive and Adaptive SDLC Advantages and disadvantages of Adaptive SDLC Advantages This approach helps in the adjustment of the course of action with the progress of the development of the system. This approach also provides support for repeated development of the system that aides in easier risk management related to the different task of the project (Kho et al., 2015). Helps in accommodations of any change in the project at any period of the project. Incorporates the end users of the system at each phase of the project with the goal that their prerequisites can be satisfied. This in turn helps in enhancing the user experience. Disadvantages Only appropriate for expansive size of development projects where the unpredictability and the project size is considerably higher. Requires expert work force in the group with the goal that the vulnerabilities and risks identified with the development project. As each phase of the project incorporates risk administration in this way expands the cost related to the completion of the task. Advantages and Disadvantages of Predictive SDLC approach Advantages This approach helps in completing the project in the predetermined time frame. Documentation of each stage is completed in every stage. This activity helps in improved understanding of requirements of the proposed system as well as improved system development. Disadvantages This approach is one of the rigid approaches. As this approach is not able to accommodate any change after the project plan is developed and it is initiated (Woods et al., 2013). Communication among the project team and clients only occurs at the end or beginning of the project. Recommendation for the approach to choose for Health space project As the development of online patient health record system is an evolving project that faces changes in different stages thus it is suggested to use Adaptive development approach. The approach proposes to separate the system development project into smaller parts over an expanded period of time to allow extraordinary adaptability in planning of the project. This approach additionally helps in the satisfying every requirement from the numerous stakeholders of the project. Along these lines as the advancement of My Health Record is an intricate venture including different sorts of partners in this way the Adaptive approach will be reasonable for this undertaking. The adaptive approach is a considered as organized process for tirelessly enhancing project development decisions, organization methodologies. This approach includes the major standards of project administration. For instance, iterative methodology and inventive business conditions can help in better tracking and execution of the different smaller activities of the project. In this manner, adaptive approach used in this specific project incorporates the dynamic use of quantitative approaches to evaluate project tasks execution. The iterations of the project tasks can help in the improvements and addition of functionalities to the previously developed system. References Adler-Milstein, J., DesRoches, C. M., Kralovec, P., Foster, G., Worzala, C., Charles, D., ... Jha, A. K. (2015). Electronic health record adoption in US hospitals: progress continues, but challenges persist.Health Affairs, 10-1377. Dinev, T., Albano, V., Xu, H., DAtri, A., Hart, P. (2016). Individuals Attitudes Towards Electronic Health Records: A Privacy Calculus Perspective. InAdvances in Healthcare Informatics and Analytics(pp. 19-50). Springer International Publishing. Kho, A. N., Cashy, J. P., Jackson, K. L., Pah, A. R., Goel, S., Boehnke, J., ... Malin, B. A. (2015). Design and implementation of a privacy preserving electronic health record linkage tool in Chicago.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, ocv038. Krist, A. H., Beasley, J. W., Crosson, J. C., Kibbe, D. C., Klinkman, M. S., Lehmann, C. U., ... Peterson, K. A. (2014). Electronic health record functionality needed to better support primary care.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,21(5), 764-771. Weaver, C. A., Ball, M. J., Kim, G. R., Kiel, J. M. (2016). Healthcare information management systems.Cham: Springer International Publishing. Woods, S. S., Schwartz, E., Tuepker, A., Press, N. A., Nazi, K. M., Turvey, C. L., Nichol, W. P. (2013). Patient experiences with full electronic access to health records and clinical notes through the My HealtheVet Personal Health Record Pilot: qualitative study.Journal of medical Internet research,15(3), e65.

The Art of Frieda Kahlo and Chicano Art

Introduction Frida Kahlo was a famous Mexican artist who was known for her self portraits and the intense colors that featured in most of her works. Kahlo was born in 1907 in Coyoacan a small township in Mexico City. She began her painting career after she was involved in a bus accident in 1925 that left her with severe injuries to her spine, her legs, her pelvis and the rest of her body.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Art of Frieda Kahlo and Chicano Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kahlo was constantly plagued with pain throughout the rest of her life that at times saw her confined to a hospital bed. She underwent a total of thirty five operations after the accident with most of them being performed on her legs and her back. Kahlo began painting while she was recovering from her accident injuries to occupy her time. She mostly did self-portrayals during the three months she was inert and these piec es of art played a dominant part of her life. She explained that portraying herself in the self portraits was due to the fact that she was the subject she knew best. She also painted herself because she was lonely for the duration she was under bed rest. Her mother, Matilde Calderon, had a special easel made for Frida so that she could paint while she was lying in bed. Her self portrayals mostly relayed the message of pain and anguish which was drawn from her own personal experiences1. Frida Kahlo derived most of her work from the Mexican culture which was mostly characterized by Chicano art during that time. Chicano art works emerged from the Chicano movement that took place during the 1960s and 1970s in America. The term Chicano was used to refer to Mexican Americans who had migrated to America during this time. The Chicano Movement was made up of South American groups such as the Cuban Americans, Colombian Americans, Costa Ricans, Hondurans, Chilean Americans, Ecuadorians and Dom inican Americans. The movement was formed to fight against racial segregation of South American minorities as well as reassert their civil rights in the US during the1960s and 70s. The Chicano art works mostly focused on the themes that were used in literary works with the preferred media being murals and graphic art forms. Rasquache art is the most common style of Chicano art and it was a unique subset of the political movement2.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Frida Kahlo’s Art Frida Kahlo’s style of painting mostly involved the use of symbolic imagery and Mexican colors. She frequently incorporated the symbolic monkey in her art work which the Mexican culture depicted to be a symbol of lust but Kahlo portrayed the monkey as a tender creature in her work as well as a symbol of protection. Her paintings also portrayed a feminist reality that so many women suff ered with. Her husband’s infidelities, her physical handicaps and her inability to conceive were viewed to be feministic realities that afflicted many women around the world. Many artists and curators viewed Frida Kahlo’s work to mostly portray feminist views as most of her paintings focused on women and gender issues. One of her artworks that demonstrated the feminist reality was a self portrait titled â€Å"My Birth† which she painted in 1932. In this painting, Kahlo’s head emerges from a woman’s outstretched legs with an image above the bed portraying the Mexican Virgin of Sorrow known as Mater Dolorosa being pierced by swords and weeping. This demonstration was a portrayal of Kahlo’s miscarriage which occurred before she painted the art work. Her â€Å"My Birth† self portrait was viewed by many feminist writers to be a depiction of childbirth issues in women that were not properly addressed in the Western world during that time. T he self portrait was also a demonstration of the birth process where women played a more integral role than the men. Her focus on feminism and gender issues also portrayed the various challenges that women went through in the 20th and also the 21st century. Women struggled to find some self identity and self determination as they took up the roles of being mothers and wives within the family context. Kahlo developed an identity in her art work that was not easily expressed in the Mexican and Western society. Her art work dealt with conception, pregnancy, abortion and the role of women in a candid and open manner. Such candidness was viewed by many to be a political statement because before them women were not able to talk about such issues in the open.3Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Art of Frieda Kahlo and Chicano Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the theme of psychological and physical pai n in Kahlo’s work, other themes that were explores were those of Mexican cultural which were portrayed through the use of the country’s national colors. Some of her paintings depicted the love of Mexican things as well as Mexican nationalism which was referred to as â€Å"Mexicanidad†. She depicted â€Å"Mexicanidad† within her art works by the native clothes she wore in her self portraits as well as the furnishings that were in her home. She used elements from popular Mexican art forms such as the ex-votos and the retablos that were 19th century tin paintings created by traveling artists. The retablos paintings were used by these traveling artists to express their gratitude to the Catholic Saints after recovering from illnesses, diseases or from being rescued from disasters. Kahlo’s use of the ex-votos and retablos indigenous art themes demonstrated both political and cultural themes as she painted these themes in a way that was easily understood by the Mexican people. She incorporated the use of Mexican and pre-Colombian art work, imagery and concepts in some of her works which included â€Å"My Nurse and I†, a self portrait that depicts Kahlo in the hands of a nurse with an Olmec mask, â€Å"Tree of Hope† which depicts an image of the sun and the moon as functions that depicted the two sided nature of life. â€Å"The Love Embrace of the Universe† was a self portrait that depicted Kahlo and her husband, Diego, in the arms of the universe personified by the Colombian goddess. Kahlo’s most famous self portrait was† What the Water Gave Me† which was viewed by many artists and feminists to be a self reflection of her traumatic life. The self portrait demonstrated a variety of images that were related to Kahlo’s personal life. These images included an image of her parents, an image depicting her Indian and European background which is demonstrated by an image of one naked Indian wom an and a white woman floating on a sponge.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other images that depicted Kahlo’s tumultuous life included a bleeding heart, a skeleton seated on a mound, a dead bird on a tree and her Tehuana Indian dress which all depicted the physical and psychological pain that she experienced as a result of her accident injuries, the pain of loosing her child as well as her husband’s infidelities.4 Chicano Art As stated earlier Chicano art has its foundation from the Chicano movement that took place in the 1960s and 70s although contemporary artistic Chicano renaissance work had its roots from the folk arts that emerged in the southwestern regions of America during the same period. Chicano artists who were part of the Chicano movement looked for artistic ways to protest about the social inequalities that they were experiencing during the 1960s and 70s. The Chicano artists focused on feminist concerns during that time as they incorporated the works of Frida Kahlo into their art forms. They also used the image of the Virgin of G uadalupe as a feminist role model and a source of inspiration in their art works. The Chicano art circles organized themselves into groups that would be used to promote art and also advance their feminist concerns to the rest of the world.5 The renaissance of Chicano art was seen as a visual expression of the â€Å"movimiento† ideology that existed during the Chicano movement. Examples of these ideologies included cultural affirmation, emphasis on families and social status, brotherhood and political assertion. The most notable Chicano artists included the famous muralist from south California, Judith Baca. Other Chicano artists included Patricia Rodriguez who was a retablo artist, Yolanda Lopez who was a specialist in La Guadalupana paintings, Carmen Lomas Garza who was a specialist on family portraits and Santa Barraza who was a cultural chronicler. Despite the fact that Chicano art emerged from a political movement, it has continued to develop and grow over the years to re present the various cultural contexts of the Mexican society. By the 1990s many Chicano artists had joined a growing group of artists that practiced multiculturalism in their art works. These artists recognized the various changes that were taking place in the society especially within the Mexican American community living in the United States. Chicano art work during this time experienced experimental designs with media forms such as films and videos as well as sculptures and other artistic forms. The Chicano artists also incorporated some aspects of their older art forms to ensure that the original Mexican culture was incorporated into the new age art forms. As the Chicano artists entered into mainstream art, their works began to gain a broader appeal with the American society. During the Chicano movement, Chicano artists mostly adapted themes from mythologies such as Aztec and Maya into their artistic works, in the process creating new art forms that symbolized the struggles that the political activists were going through during the movement. The artists mostly used Pre-Columbian symbols and icons such as Emiliano Zapata who was a Mexican revolutionary and the Virgin of Guadalupe in their murals and artistic posters. These icons were used to demonstrate and express the Chicano’s views on feminism and social realism during that time. Artists who painted murals usually used blank walls as their canvas and most of these artists were usually self-taught barrio youths. These murals were usually painted in urban centers and areas that had high numbers of people at a particular time.6 While many of the Chicano artists borrowed heavily from Mexican culture, some of these artists did not want to be associated with the Mexican culture and history. Some of these artists; Carmen Garza, Margarita Herrera, Alfredo Arreguin and Porfirio Salinas incorporated other aspects into their artistic works apart from Mexican culture. For example, Arreguin’s paintings reflected Indian landscapes while Salinas’ paintings demonstrated Texan landscapes that were mostly characterized by bluebonnet flowers. Garza’s paintings depicted the life of Mexican Americans in Texas during the 1950s and 60s which showed that they did not primarily focus on the Mexican culture as a whole in their artistic works. This shaped the 21st century Chicano artists who focused more on individual artistic expressions and inspiration for their subject matter which showed that their artwork was now focused on personal experiences and self expression. Most of the mural artists viewed these form of canvas as a form of nonverbal communication that could be used to teach the community or Mexican society about ethnic solidarity and cultural nationalism during the political movement. The murals conveyed the message of nationalism, unity and brotherhood through the use of Mexican imagery and symbols that were derived from Mexican Indian history and the 1910 Mexican re volution. The Chicano murals also portrayed the native Mexican history of groups such as the Aztecs and the Maya. The growth of mural portraits and artistic expressions emerged as a result of a strong community orientation in public art forms that depicted the struggle for human rights. 7 Chicano art has began to receive some recognition and respect after many museums around the world failed to accord this type of art work any form of recognition during the 1960s and 70s. This growing recognition has been evidenced by the five year traveling exhibition known as the â€Å"Chicano Visions: American Painters on the verge† that shows the various art works of Chicano artists whose style of painting peaked during the 1980s and 90s. The traveling exhibition took part in 15 cities within the United States with 50 paintings and pictures on display. This exhibition was meant to demonstrate the ongoing reconciliation that Chicano art offered to the Mexican American community by demonstr ating Mexican traditions and American culture. The Chicano art forms were inspired by indigenous pre-Columbian people as well as southwestern American styles of painting. The Chicano artists involved in this exhibition achieved regional success and recognition within the US and South America. 8 Chicano art derived most of its influences from Mexican artists such as Diego Rivera, David Alfaro and Clemente Orozco. These artists image of public art was depicted through their portrayals of liberation struggles and freedom movements during the 1910 revolution in Mexico. The mural art forms that were painted during the 1930 Depression also had an influence on Chicano mural artists who plied most of their trade on blank walls. The Chicano mural artists were also influenced by Tres Grandes works which were mostly eminent during the post revolution period in Mexico. The Chicano artists were stereotyped by major art critics in the US as being artists that produced poor people’s art tha t was mostly radical in nature. They also referred to these artists as being too folklore because of the bright colors they used in their paintings and their murals. Chicano art was therefore not readily acceptable in most of the galleries and exhibitions based in the United States during and after the movement. The American art critics viewed Chicano art to be in conflict with the bourgeois and traditional art tastes that existed during that time. This rejection of Chicano art by the Westernized countries because it was not sophisticated led to the emergence of community based art galleries in the Mexican American communities within the United States. One of the first community based galleries was the Mechicano Art Gallery that was based in the eastern parts of Los Angeles. This gallery mostly exhibited Chicano movement art works and also modern paintings that had Chicano or Mexican influences. Institutions such as the Social and Public Art Resource Center were established to promo te the work of Chicano artists that mostly painted murals. These murals continued to gain more prominence within Los Angeles and were accepted as artistic forms of public art within the city.9 Chicano art has gradually changed today to incorporate a more modern and urban outlook. The modern artists have retained the bold colors and the original format used in most Chicano murals but the subject matter and content in these murals is what has changed. While Mexican natives influences and prominent people still have play a vital role in today’s Chicano artwork, the new subject matter tends to focus on societal issues that affect the Mexican American Chicano artists in the present context. Some of these issues include inequality in education and health care services, immigration issues, drug problems and segregation by the American society. The current Chicano artists have continued to uphold the muralist tradition of painting while at the same time portraying the history of Mexi co as well as Mexican culture. Contribution of Kahlo’s and Chicano’s Art to 20th Century Art Kahlo’s artistic work has been viewed by many people in the art world to have a positive influence in today’s modern art scene. Her work has mostly influenced 20th century Latino art as well as feminist artists because of her self portrait paintings that mostly portrayed the challenges that she went through as a woman. Frida Kahlo has been viewed by many as the most fascinating artist of the 20th century because of her body work and the use of imagery in her self portraits. Kahlo was also viewed to be one of the enigmatic artists in the 20th century which was mostly attributed to her bold and unabashed imagery of her self and her life. Some discomforting self portraits of herself showed her physical wounds such as her deformed right leg which had an open wound as a result of the many operations that she went through after her surgery. 10 Her self portraits have in fluenced a lot of feminist artists and literature writers because of the peaceful resolve that followed many of her discomforting paintings. Her portraits showed a woman who was confident and in total control of her self image despite the many psychological traumas she had gone through in her life. Many female artists in the 20th century identified with Kahlo’s self portraits of psychological pain and suffering and the way she choose to express her emotional feelings on canvas. Many of these 20th Century artists such as Christine Herrera viewed Frida Kahlo to be both a poet and a painter because of her visual comparisons and the use of metaphors in her self portraits to express her feelings. This form of expression contributed in part to the modern artists who mostly relied on their experiences and views on life to create various art forms and paintings. Frida Kahlo’s work was also renowned for its emotional intensity as well as its unrealistic and dream like quality. She was referred to as the heroine of the 1980s because of how she overcame her personal problems to become a renowned artist during her time. In the last twenty years, her work has joined the same ranks as that of famous artists such as Picasso and Van Gaugh. Her image changed from that of being a poster girl for young Latino adolescents to that of being a historical artistic figure used in postal stamps and key chains. Her husband, Diego Rivera, who was also a famous artist viewed Kahlo to be the first woman in art history brave enough to portray the various issues that affected women in an open and uncompromising way.11 Frida Kahlo introduced the aspect of symbolism in her paintings which made them different from those of other artists during her time. People were able to identify Kahlo’s works because of the unique and original introduction of symbolic imagery in most of her self portraits. The symbolic imagery was mostly viewed as a metaphorical depiction of her life esp ecially in her famous â€Å"What the Water Gave Me† self portrait which used symbols such as a dead bird and a bleeding heart to depict her physical and psychological pain. These metaphors were viewed to represent real life issues that afflicted both men and women in their day to day struggles. Her use of metaphors and symbolism made her gain a lot of prominence in the 20th century art world that mostly focused on self expression and the use of symbolism to communicate a message. Her work gained a lot of recognition during the 20th century because of her candid and unobscured portrayal of women’s issues such as menstruation, pregnancy, birth, death, miscarriage, love and suffering. Many 20th century artists viewed her paintings and self portraits as a demonstration of a different view of the world. Her self reflection and analysis of her image was viewed to be an analysis of her self image and worth. This was viewed by many feminists and artists to be a confident look at her self despite the many traumas she had gone through in her life. The importance of her work in contemporary art culture demonstrated that modern cultures around the world were empty and lacked any meaning. Her self reflection was viewed by many people to be a reflection of today’s societal cultural conditions.12 The impact of Chicano art on 20th century art work was deemed to have a positive influence on modern mural paintings as a form of artistic self expression. The visibility of Chicano artists has continued to increase over the years from the period of the Chicano movement. However many Chicano artists during the 20th and 21st century did not receive the appropriate amount of recognition for the paintings and murals. This lack of recognition was mostly attributed to the political affiliation that these artists had to the Chicano movement. Many post modernist artists viewed Chicano art to be full of political innuendos as well as narrative style imagery that was rep resented in bold and bright colors. Major galleries and exhibitions also failed to pick up Chicano paintings because they were tied to Mexican movements13. Some museum curators have tried to incorporate the various styles of painting and imagery that Chicano artists used in their work over the years. Artistic works such as the â€Å"Phantom Sightings’’ incorporated the use of Chicano art practices as well as conceptual foundations in its imagery. This art work was the only notable art form painted in the 20th century that properly depicted the Chicano style of painting. Chicano art incorporated the use of imagery mostly related to Mexican history and culture, an aspect that made it difficult to replicate in other art circles that existed during the 20th century. This categorization of Chicano art was what made it difficult to exhibit this type of art work in major art exhibitions and galleries because it focused on ethnicity and politics.14 Conclusion The research wor k has mostly focused on the art of Frida Kahlo and Chicano and what effects these artists had on 20th century art. According to the findings, Frida Kahlo has been viewed as a feminist artist who contributed to the revolution of modern art through her use of symbolic imagery and metaphors. Kahlo has been viewed by many artists and curators to be the initiator of self expressionist and self reflective art in the world as a result of her various self portraits. Her work is now receiving a lot of recognition because of this which is not the same case for Chicano art. Chicano artists have been gaining slow recognition in the modern art world because their art has been viewed by many 20th century artists to be mostly ethnic, political and folklore. Their murals have however gained acceptance with the modern urban youth who express themselves by using bold colors in their wall paintings. Bibliography Callejo, Carlos.â€Å"Chicano art: now and beyond,† http://www.latinopov.com/blog/? p=344 Hanson, Doug. â€Å"Chicano art on the move: with its roots in political activism, Chicano art documents the evolution of the Mexican-American experience†. Art Business News. FindArticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HMU/is_12_30/ai_111164177/ Horsley, Carter B. â€Å"Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Twentieth-Century Mexican art,† http://www.thecityreview.com/frida.html Meadows, Mary M. â€Å"Kahlo as artist, woman, rebel,† http://www.solidarity-   us.org/current/node/2782 Meier, Matt S., and Margo Gutierrez. The Mexican American experience: an  encyclopedia. Westport, Cincinnati: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. Miranda, Carolina A., â€Å"How Chicano is it?†, ARTnews, http://www.artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=3032 Patrick, Frank. Readings in Latin American Modern Arts. New York: Yale University Press, 2004. Scott, John F. Latin American art: ancient to modern. Florida, US: University of Florida, 2000. Footnotes 1 Pat rick Frank, Readings in Latin American Modern Arts (New York: Yale University Press, 2004), 79 2 John F. Scott. Latin American art: ancient to modern. (Florida, US: University of Florida, 2000),203 3 Mary Motian Meadows, â€Å"Kahlo as artist, woman, rebel,† http://www.solidarity-us.org/current/node/2782 4 Mary Motian Meadows, â€Å"Kahlo as artist, woman, rebel,† http://www.solidarity-us.org/current/node/2782 5 Matt S. Meier and Margo Gutierrez, The Mexican American experience: an encyclopedia, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003), 29. 6 Matt S. Meier and Margo Gutierrez, The Mexican American experience: an encyclopedia, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003), 28. 7 Matt S. Meier and Margo Gutierrez, The Mexican American experience: an encyclopedia, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003), 27. 8 Doug Hanson â€Å"Chicano art on the move: with its roots in political activism, Chicano art documents the evolution of the Mexican-American experience†. Art Business News. FindArticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HMU/is_12_30/ai_111164177/ 9 Carlos Callejo , â€Å"Chicano art: now and beyond , http://www.latinopov.com/blog/?p=344 10 Carter B. Horsley, â€Å" Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Twentieth-Century Mexican art, http://www.thecityreview.com/frida.html 11 Carter B. Horsley, â€Å" Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Twentieth-Century Mexican art, http://www.thecityreview.com/frida.html 12 Carter B. Horsley, â€Å" Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera and Twentieth-Century Mexican art, http://www.thecityreview.com/frida.html 13 Carolina A. Miranda, â€Å"How Chicano is it?, ARTnews, http://www.artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=3032 14 Carolina A. Miranda, â€Å"How Chicano is it?, ARTnews, http://www.artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=3032 This term paper on The Art of Frieda Kahlo and Chicano Art was written and submitted by user Kristen Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Homogeneous Definition and Examples

Homogeneous Definition and Examples Homogeneous refers to a substance that is consistent or uniform throughout its volume. A sample taken from any part of a homogeneous substance will have the same characteristics as a sample taken from another area. Example Air is considered a homogeneous mixture of gases. Pure salt has a homogeneous composition. In a more general sense, a group of school children all dressed in the same uniform may be considered homogeneous. Antonym In contrast, the term heterogeneous refers to a substance that has an irregular composition. A mixture of apples and oranges is heterogeneous. A bucket of rocks contains a heterogeneous mixture of shapes, sizes, and composition. A group of different barnyard animals is heterogeneous. A mixture of oil and water is heterogeneous because the two liquids do not mix evenly. If a sample is taken from one part of the mixture, it may not contain equal amounts of oil and water.

Guernica and The Death of General Wolfe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guernica and The Death of General Wolfe - Essay Example The republican Forces which were loyal to the newly elected government, were under the attack from a fascist coup which was led by Generalissimo Francisco Franco (Guernica). Prosperity and stability to the people of Spain was a word of promise by Franco, yet only death and destruction were the subjects of deliverance from his side. Anticipating a bold visual protest to Franco's corruption from Spain's most prominent artisans, colleagues and representatives of the democratic government came to Picasso's place in Paris in order to ask him to paint the mural. Picasso used to avoid politics generally, and used to disdain over political art, though his sympathies clearly fell parallel to the new Republic. The official theme of Paris Exposition is a celebration of the modern technology. The organizers hoped that this vision of a prosperous future will jolt the nations out of the economic depression and social unrest of the thirties (Guernica). With the unfolding of plans, the Aeronautics Pavilion generated huge excitement, featuring the latest technological advances in aircraft design and engineering. As a result, no one would have ever suspected that this dramatic progress would result in such a dire consequence. On the 27th of April, 1937, unprecedented outrageousness was perpetrated on behalf of Franco against the civilian citizenry of a little Basque village in the northern Spain. The hamlet was pounded with high-explosive and incendiary bombs for over three hours because it was chosen for bombing practice by Hitler's burgeoning war machine. The town people were cut down as they eloped from the crumbling buildings. Guernica burnt for three days consecutively and sixteen hundred civilians were killed and wounded (Guernica). By the 1st of May, the information of the massacre at Guernica reached Paris, where more than a million protestors flooded the streets to voice their atrocities in the largest May Day demonstration the city had ever come across. The reports of all the eye-witnesses filled the front pages of the news papers of Paris, leaving Picasso stunned by the black and white photographs. Picasso was appalled and enraged when he rushed through the crowded streets in his studio, and qu ickly sketched the first images for the mural he called Guernica. This brought an end to his search for an inspiration. From the beginning itself, Picasso chose not to represent the horror in Guernica in realistic or romantic terms. He transferred some key figures such as a woman with outstretched arms, a bull, an agonized horse, which were refined sketch after sketch, and then were brought in to the capacious canvas, which were reworked by him several times. He quoted that, a painting is not thought out and settled in advance, however, whilst it

International Law & Humanitarian Issues Assignment

International Law & Humanitarian Issues - Assignment Example Some of the laws like the Antarctic treaty have so far been abided to by different nations. But the biggest challenge has been turning these international agreements, protocols into legally bidding laws has been difficult (Doyle,  2004). The reason behind the lukewarm reception of these laws if because invasive state of these agreements and approach towards a respectable common heritage. Issues like environmental protection through laws have been approached by conventions or declarations. These conventions have not been effective since they deal with establishment of framework on dealing with many of these pertinent issues. Conventions are not aimed coming up with substantive goals. Therefore, they have not been able to come up with results that could lead to formation of legal agreements. As a result, some countries have been hesitant in agreeing to the convention and protocols (Dunoff,  2010). Question 2 It is a known fact that the world belongs to mankind and it is this reason that the people argue that international laws interfere with. However, it is not right for international law to trump all property claims all over the world. This is because each nation is recognized in International laws on their sovereignty. The UN charter which forms the basis for all international laws respects peace and human rights. Therefore, the right to ownership of property forms part of the human rights. Moreover, the recognition of sovereignty of any state by the UN charter affirms the right to ownership of property by any person (Westra, 2007). It is only in rare cases that the UN charter and international laws trump up ownership of property by individuals or states. Conflicts over ownership of land, islands or territorial boundaries in the sea are resolved by use of international laws. These laws are supposed to protect and restore human rights and therefore these laws should not trump up ownership of land. For instance, the conflict over ownership of Abyei region in Sudan or the Mindanao Islands between Japan and China are being solved using international laws (Martin, 2006). Question 3 The regime of innocent passage tends to benefit countries which use the routes through shallows regions like straits. In most cases it is the coastal nation that tends to benefit from the regime of innocent passage. This is because this state or nation has the right to decide on the issue of regime of innocent passage. While on the other hand nations or people with interests in different sections tend to be harmed from the regime of safe passage (Dunoff,  2010). For instance, the long standing conflict over the Gibraltar islands as clearly shown the benefit of regime of passage to nations where their internal waters are also locations for passage. Nations with commercial or political interests can be harmed by the law of regime passage. For instance, trading or war vessels with intentions of conducting work in regions where other nations determine passage are usually harmed. The UN article 2(4) does apply in the case of regime of passage especially in regions like straits where other nations have jurisdiction other than passage (Westra, 2007). This is because unlike the high seas where sovereignty cannot be applied as is the case of regime of passage. Question 4 The question of who should be vested with governance due to the conflicts and problem facing the world is quite difficult. However, in my view I think that political leaders are best suited for making decisions in consultations with experts. Political

Four Framework Approach to Richard Branson

Four Framework Approach to Richard Branson Introduction Leadership was once about hard skills such as planning, finance and business analysis. When command and control ruled the corporate world, the leaders were heroic rationalists who moved people around like pawns and fought like stags. When they spoke, the company employees jumped. The entire career system in some organizations is based on using hard functional skills to progress. But when executives reach the top of the organization, many different skills are required. Corporate leaders may find that although they can do the financial analysis and the strategic planning, they are poor at communicating ideas to employees or colleagues, or have little insight into how to motivate people. The modern CEO requires an array of skills. Some suggest that people expect too much of leaders. Indeed, renaissance men and women are rare. Leadership in a modern organization is highly complex and it is increasingly difficult. It is sometimes impossible for finding all the necessary traits in a single person. Among the most crucial skills is the ability to capture audiences. Richard Branson, the funder of Virgin Group and Virgin Atlantic Airline could be one of best leader in the industry. Biography According to Virgin group website, Richard Branson was born in July 18, 1950 in Surrey, England. He is the son of a lawyer and an airline stewardess. He was educated at the exclusive Stowe School, but did not excel, possibly due to his nearsightedness and dyslexia. In his teens he developed a national magazine, Student at the Age of Sixteen. At seventeen he began a student advisory service. After leaving school, Branson entered the music industry. Considering that he could sell records cheaper than the existing average, he started a mail-order catalogue with friends. It was a success, and they opened a record discount shop. They named the business Virgin, because it was their first venture. Virgin Airlines is one of Bransons main businesses. Formed in 1984, it is part owned by Singapore Airlines, and it is the second largest British long haul international airline, and has won many awards. During the 1990s the fleet and the air route network expanded and a Premium Economy service was introduced. In 2003 Virgin Atlantic launched the innovative Upper Class Suite with a flat bed and seat, and in 2006 the Virgin Clubhouse opened at Heathrow with a spa, brasserie, cocktail bar, hair salon and games room. Branson is also well known for his personal adventures by Virgin Atlantic Flyer. In 2010, and less than 40 years after the original conception of the Branson Virgin businesses, Branson boasted over 200 Virgin Megastores worldwide. All told, Branson employed 24,000 employees in 150 companies, with revenues totaling an estimated five billion dollars each year from the entire Virgin Group including the music stores and airline. The Virgin empire was is the largest privately owned business in England (Virgin Atlantic Airways, 2010). Bolman and Deals Four Framework Approach to Richard Branson Leadership models can also help us to understand a leaders organizational influence. Bolman and Deal, in Four Framework Approach, suggest that leaders display behaviors in one of four frameworks: Structural, Human Resource, Political, or Symbolic. Each requires a specific organizational setting to be successful. The Structural Framework From the rational perspective, organizations are instruments designed to achieve specified goals. Organizations are purposeful in the sense that the activities and interactions of participants are centrally coordinated to achieve common objectives; behaviors in organizations are rational in the sense that roles and role relations are prescribed independently of the personal attributes of the individuals in the structure (Richard, 1992). In the rational domain, organizations are driven by strategies, and the role of management is to align strategies and structure with the external environment. Strategy development includes two kinds of approaches mainly. The first one is prescriptive approach which is the firm defined the objective and/or the main elements before brainstorm the strategy; vice versa, another one is have no clear objective and/or elements, all the strategy will be developing during the process, which call emergent approach. Finally, what people and task performed base on above approaches that will generate the strategic change by formal or informal organizational structure from the managers, because of environment, business relationship, technology, people, life cycle, political power, etc (Tichy, 1983). The importance of strategic change is that may occur considerable disruption, but this practice is also useful to analysis the specific causes for planning the best direction on Bransons management change. Bransons Corporate Level Strategy Diversification: The core business of Virgin Group is travel, but since early 1990, it has begun to involve in many other different businesses, such businesses are no directly or substantial relationships between each other. Such businesses include mass media, entertainment, beverage, finance, weight industries and more, all these small business units (SBUs) enriched the Virgins portfolio. Brand Extension: Branson built its red brand to represent value for money, quality, fun, innovation, success and trust. This idea is developed and applied on its whole range of businesses. Joint-Venture: In the flight service, each airline have to get the permission for access paths by during with local governments, this process is very complicated and consume a lot of resources in terms of human, money and time. Joint-venture is the method that can be easy to get this permission, also could be easy to meet the economic of scale to reduce cost, and share or lower the risk. Bransons SBUs Level Strategy Differentiation: Branson provides the offer which other firms no. The very common example is, Virgin Atlantics souvenirs are always different and united. Another one example is Virgin Atlantic keeps its safety record is zero accident, to increase the confidence to its passengers, or customers though its air ticket is expensive then others in generally. The Human Resource Framework Although people are intentionally rational, not all human behavior is the result of rationality. People do not leave their emotions and feelings at home when they come to work in the morning, and noneconomic objectives are pursued alongside economic objectives (Powell, 1999). In the human domain, the central issue is how to integrate human needs with organizational rationality. Virgin Group considers peoples as the important assets, so it pays attention on peoples motivation, culture and even the individual desires to manage and maintain peoples work well and comfortable. Branson also thinks staff first, then customers and shareholders, therefore the chairperson, staff, customers and shareholders could be considered as the key stakeholders. Chairperson Shareholders: Branson is as a leader in Virgin which has used the corporate brand name across its entire product, the whole Virgin Group is influenced by him, and he is the greater single asset in the group (Ensor Drummond, 2001). Meanwhile, Branson is one of the shareholder of Virgin Group companies, so as same as other shareholder, his values will be added into the group and will be implemented in running the business. Bransons values are innocence, innovation, quality, fun and irreverence of authority, all of such values could be found in his choices of new ventures. Investor: The investors mainly focus on the profit and the return of investment (ROI). This issue makes the conflict between investor and customers, because customers want to have better services that will increase the cost and decrease the maximization level of the profit Staff: The skills, knowledge and suggestions of the staff are important to the company, Branson also understand this point so that he wants his best people will stay in his company for venturing (Grant, 2003). Example: Julie Bower, Virgin Atlantic Project Manager, response to source alternative customer relations management (CRM) software, then experienced partially customized system with Virgin Atlantics own data. Finally, Saratoga System has been chosen as the provider of CRM system (Thomson Corporation Company, 2005). This example shows the valuable staff will affect the strategic development. Customers: The best products or services are always seeking by customer, in order words, firms are required to provide best product or service for maintaining current customers and exploring new customers. Companies that survive profitably in a competitive environment must be providing value for money (Johnson et al, 2005). Therefore, customers also influence the strategies of the company. Our first time with Virgin Atlantic, and out last! Chaotic queue at LHR took three hours to reach check in desk. The cabin crews were arrogant and more interested in putting on more make up than serving passengers. Virgin relies on their reputation from the eighties, but they have lost it big time. Want to travel and enjoy the experience avoid Virgin at all costs (Skytrax, 2008). This example not only explains how customers influence the strategy development, also explains to provide the certain products to customer can reduce the probability of finical loss. The Political Framework From the political perspective, organizations are coalitions of diverse individuals and groups with enduring differences in values and preferences. They are governed not by a single center, as is assumed in the rational perspective, but by a dominant coalition of interest groups. As such, organizations often operate with unresolved conflicts in goals (March Shapiro, 1992). From the human domain perspective, malfunctions arise from structural misalignment or from personal deficiency; while from the political perspective, divergent interests and resource scarcity inevitably turn organizations political. Government: The core business of Virgin Group is transport service, and this business is highly regulated by the government. In the result, government policy is very import to the Branson and company as well, like policy on safety, route, franchise etc. These factors are about the change in government or government policy. The airline industry in UK has been privatized already, this action is initiated by UK Government. Branson got the opportunity to run the airline services from this political change to be a franchisee. Branson entered the markets or industries that have large, well established competitors, for instance, David is one of his favorite roles who against Goliaths, it is the example that the corporate against a big business. Now, the airline industry is run by two parts, Virgin Atlantic and British airways, provide flight and airline services respectively. Moreover, British Airways is the main competitor for Virgin Atlantic that leaded Virgin Atlantic always played the underdog role in competing with British Airways. Though Virgin Atlantic and British Airways had been role as underdog and bully respectively, in 1992, Virgin Atlantic had been success to claim one and half million dollars from British Airways (Aker, 2005 Grant, 2003). The Symbolic Framework Symbolism plays a critical role in human experience. In the rational domain, the point of life is choice. However, organizational life is only partly concerned with making decisions (March Shapiro 1992). Decision making is often an arena for symbolic actions. Many events and processes are more important for what is expressed than for what is produced (Bolman Deal, 2008). The leaders use symbols to capture attention; they try to frame experience by providing plausible interpretations of experiences; they discover and communicate a vision. Innovation: Branson understands the new matters could attack the new customers and maintain the current customers, but its competitors also understand this simple theory. Therefore Virgin Atlantic based on the existed offers with new concepts or packages as a new products or services to get the competitive advantage in the industry. These factors are about the application of new inventors or ideas. The technology in air applies to the development of safe airplane, or reliable engine. Virgin Atlantic is the pioneer in this area, Branson introduced the Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines to power its new Airbus fleet of 10 A330-300s has triggered a big switch from polution to green eco-friendly travel on the route. The Trent 700 is the first engine in the highly successful Trent family. The 72,000lb thrust engine has lower maintenance costs, lower weight and better performance retention. With the lowest lifecycle fuel burn, lowest cumulative emissions and lowest noise levels the Trent 700 has the lowest environmental impact of any engine on the A330 (TravelDailyNews, 2009). Branson reduces the time taken for long distance travel and efficiency in helping to customers. Except the improvement on speed, Branson also increased number of channels for passenger to buy tickets by web and machine. The software was designed to link customer details, flight information and limo service details together and provides Virgin Atlantic staff with accurate information and tools to efficiently and effectively manage the Upper Class Wing operation (Journalism UK, 2008). Virgin Atlantic has got the opportunity to operate the UK and World air service by the government policy. The inflection perhaps people will be willing to expand more on the travelling. The change of working place also affects the demand on all the modes of transport. The new channels have been developed through the web and new machine system. The market still has space to operate obviously, but the most important consideration of a transport services provider is safety. So the most strength of Branson and Virgin Atlantic has been improving its reputation especially in safety and on-time to get confidence of passengers. Comparison of Richard Bransons corporate strategy decision In the stage of setting up the strategies, Branson definitely understand the strategies of which are the ways in which strategy develops in organization. Bransons Virgin Atlantic Airline Strategic Development Command View and Culture View are highlighted by Virgin Atlantic The culture view is that it occurs as the outcome of the taken-for-granted assumptions and behaviors in organizations. (Johnson et al, 2005) Branson founded Virgin Atlantic in 1984; in fact, Virgin Atlantics success highly depends on the founders principles to provide the highest quality innovative service at excellent value for money for all classes of air travelers. This principle created and established the culture of Virgin Atlantic, because all Virgin companies also maintain an entrepreneurial culture based on Bransons principle. There are four strategic developments have been found out and will be further described in following: Strategy One: Differentiation Branson also has another philosophy in his principle which is to be a pioneer rather then a follower of the leader. In order to reach this point, Virgin Atlantic must offer highest quality innovative service for its air travelers. Its innovative actions include: 1986, the 1st airline provided sleeper seats in upper class 1990, the 1st airline brought in the automatic defibrillators, trained the staff to help in-flight cardiac arrest victims The 1st airline installed individual TVs to all classes of passenger on the wide-bodied aircraft 2005, won the RFID Breakthrough Integration Award since it is as a leader in RFID 2005 Virgin Atlantic applied RFID tag on the important parts that used in aircraft maintenance and repairs at Heathrow Airport warehouse, UK. The technological advancement is always the advantage taking for Virgin and the customers, said by Mark Butler, System Implementation Manager, Engineering Department, Virgin Atlantic (Tata Consultancy Services Limited, 2007). Strategy Two: Jointing Alliance Virgin Atlantic has jointed an alliance with many airlines until 2006 that providing better choice on where and when for its customers flights, the member of that alliance includes Singapore Airline, Bmi British Midland, Continental Airline, South African Airways, US Airways, Virgin Blue and Air China. All above airlines also signed Codeshare Agreement, so the connections between partners services become closer, customers could enjoy better service and value, such as checking customers and their luggage over to their final destination and synchronizing their schedules with Virgin Atlantics partners. Turn out the customers of Virgin Atlantic could enjoy the shortest possible connections between their services (Virgin Atlantic Airways, 2010). The crises of 11th September, 2001 that affected the worldwide economy, Virgin Atlantic also got heavy losses in financial aspect. The alliance strategy was significantly assisted the recovery, because it reduced the investment and the accompanying inflexibility and risk during the uncertainties of operating in other countries (Aaker, 2005). Strategy Three: Partnership In 1999, Singapore Airline acquired 49% Virgin Atlantic stake that can reinforce to provide the highest quality innovative service at excellent value for money for all classes of air travellers. Singapore Airline is a unique global partner, this is a perfect collaboration since both two airlines have an incomparable reputation for quality and innovation, and have own numerous awards from the travel industry. According to the terms of the dealing, both two airlines routes will not overlap each other and are uniquely complementary, also they keep independent managements, and the rights to develop their own products. This partnership action generated greater benefits to both companies passengers, such as fare, access to lounges world-wide and an increasingly seamless travel experience across their airlines network (Virgin Atlantic Airways, 2010). Japan Airline Strategic Development In terms of strategic management, the major contrast between Virgin Atlantic and Japan Airline is, Japan Airline is the one managed by traditional state-run or government hierarchy, so its companies strategy was established by country leader and the board, as same as or followed by the strategy of government, often the goal or the result is extremely unrealistic to the commercial. The gap occurs in between the top management board and the tactical managers which more strengthen the difficulties in implementation and lessen the competitiveness in international airline market. Moreover, Virgin Atlantic emphasizes on command view and culture view; in this session, Japan Airline emphasizes on planning view to develop its strategies. In the planning view, strategic planning is to use a formal planning system for the development and implementation of the strategies related to mission and objectives of the organization. (Lynch, 2000) Japan Airlines Background Japan Airline is a joint-venture company which was founded by one governmental company and two private companies, Japan Airline Company, Philippine Airlines and Northwest Airlines in 1951. Japanese Government bought the share from Northwest Airlines that leaded to Japan Airline totally transfer to Japanese Government. Nowadays, all decisions are made by the Board of Directors and their strategic development is mainly focused on strategic planning (Fundinguniverse, 2010). Japan Airlines Planning Procedure One of the Japan Airlines department, Corporate Planning Information Technology Services is established in Japan Airline for responsible to suggest strategies for Japan Airline. After the seminar in 1987, this department suggested five corporate strategies for planning strategies and implementation, one of the strategies is about operational. The Board of Directors and the management group suggest that it (the operational strategy) is now a matter of urgency that Japan Airline must speed up the development of the airlines state enterprise plan in compliance with the policy and guidelines., Minister Shintaro Ishihara, Tokyo Conference, Nov 6, 1987. Then, Minister Ishihara grouped Japan Airlines problems for Japan Airlines management group to take actions (Sanchanta Takahashi,2010). Although this company is now privatized, but used to be country-owned and running by Government long time, the country leaders provide comments and policies on commercial-based company. This manner had been intervened the flexibility of Japan Airline. In 2006, Japan Airlines Chairperson, Haruka Nishimatsu established three committees, Strategic Steering Committee, Project Management Committee and Task Force Committee to increase competitiveness and the value of shareholder (Sanchanta Takahashi,2010). Today, Japan Airline failed to be effectively competing with other airlines because of such time-consuming and not really flexible to implement in Japan Airlines planning. Conclusion Leaders establish goals, assumptions, policies, strategies, and accepted norms of behavior. They usually recruit and promote managers who conform to their own values and expectations. While a leaders influence is evident in all organizations, it will apply more to small, highly centralized firms, or young, owner run businesses, and can increase with tenure. In the addition, the most relevant contrasts between Virgin Atlantic and Japan Airline are: Virgin Atlantic emphasizes on culture and command view because of following the principle that provided by Branson that it is controlled by the company. Japan Airline emphasizes on planning view which is controlled by Government so almost every strategies development is produced follow the planning procedure to lead the company more systematic. In theory it should not only focus on single view, but these two companies are only focused one or two views, that led some limitations in Virgin Atlantic and Japan Airline. For Virgin Atlantic, it is highly depends on the principles of Branson, he almost becomes the only one and unique person that can decide the future of Virgin Atlantic, includes stay in the market or shut down the business. Another side, for Japan Airline, it involves more procedures for making decision that could be enhances and smoothen the running for a company. As mentioned, there is only Branson is the key person for Virgin Atlantic or the whole Virgin Group, for the future, Virgin Group is suggested to established a number of rules or methods to maintain and investigate the current saturation of its businesses or the new ventures. After that, Branson is the most key person that affects all the things in Virgin Group, then is the staff, last is the customers. Last but not least, whether success to run a business depends on the policy, economy, society and technology in the place where located or plan to locate the business. In the result, the leader should aware all Structural, Human Resource, Political, and Symbolic framework in mind for coping the political, social, economic and technology factors positively. So, the finial suggestion is Richard Branson have to establish a committee to share and continue his great work.